What is RNA Extraction?RNA extraction is the purification of RNA from biological samples. This procedure is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of ribonuclease enzymes in cells and tissues, which can rapidly degrade RNA. Several methods are used in molecular biology to isolate RNA from difficult samples. Here CTAB modified method is described.

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AbstractBackground and objectives: One of the important strategies for using agricultural waste is to use the biological capacity of medicinal fungi. Agricultural wastes are produced in most parts of Iran as a result of agricultural, horticultural and forestry activities. And every year, thousands of tons of waste materials are burned or thrown away, which leads to environmental pollution and health hazards. In addition to being accessible, the substrate should create lower financial costs for the producer and also create a suitable performance. The aim of this research is to investigate different substrates (various wastes of agricultural and industrial products) for the cultivation of G. resinaseum. By choosing the right substrate and checking the balanced ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the substrates, it is possible to improve the desired quantitative (performance) and qualitative (nutritional value) traits in G. resinaceum.Materials and methods: This study was performed in a completely randomized design with 3 replications with Iranian isolate of G. resinaseum in 2020. After collecting the mushroom from the forest, the pure culture of the sterilized basidiocarp was carried out, and then the spawn of the Iranian G. resinaceum was produced. Experimental treatments include 7 types of substrates including 1. Poplar sawdust + Rice bran (90+10) 2. Poplar sawdust + Soybean meal (90+10) 3. Poplar sawdust + Wheat straw (60+40) 4. Poplar sawdust + Rice straw (60+40) 5. Poplar sawdust + Date palm sawdust (70+30) 6. Poplar sawdust + Banana tree waste (70+30) 7. Poplar sawdust (100).Results: The results of this study showed that the highest yield (210.06 g / 2000 g substrate), TOTAL dry matter (95.35 g / 2000 g substrate), TOTAL POLYSACCHARIDE (15.95 mg / g dry matter) and Biological efficiency (10.5 persent) of G. resinaseum belongs to the combination of wood chips with rice bran. And the highest amount of TOTAL nitrogen of fruiting body (3.67 mg/100 g dry matter) and the protein (22.93 mg/100 g dry matter) is related to the substrate of wood chips with soybean meal. also, the shortest time for spawn running (28.66 days), pinhead formation (41 days) and precocity (65 days) were recorded for wood chip substrate with rice bran. Conclusion: Adding organic supplements is one of the appropriate methods to modify the substrate and reduce the ratio of carbon to nitrogen. according to the results of this study, it is recommended to add rice bran supplement, soybean meal and use of wheat straw, rice straw, date palm wastes and banana tree wastes to the wood chip.Keywords: Combined substrates, Fruit body, Organic supplement, Spawn run.

Background: One of the most common visceral cancers among men in the world is prostate cancer. Screening for early detection has a positive effect on patients’ survival time. Measurement of serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA is abundantly used for screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. However, no study has been done to determine the relation between serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA/TOTAL PSA ratio with malignancy degree on biopsy samples. The aim of this study was to determine the relation of serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA/TOTAL PSA ratio, with malignancy degree.Methods: This is a cross-sectional study done in Alzahra Hospital during 2012-2013. We selected 85 patients with prostate cancer whose disease was detected in the pathology ward. Serum level of TOTAL PSA and free PSA were measured, and the degree of malignancy was determined by pathology ward based on the Gleason scoring system. All data was recorded in the questionnaire and entered into the computer and analyzed by SPSS software.Findings: The results of this study showed that there is 38% correlation between Gleason score and free PSA/TOTAL PSA ratio. Based on the Pearson correlation, this relation was statistically significant (P=0.037). Moreover, there is a 37% relation between serum level of TOTAL PSA and the Gleason score; this relation was statistically significant (P<0.001).Conclusion: Prostate cancer is usually detected late and biopsy is rarely accepted by patients. Moreover, serum level of TOTAL PSA and TOTAL PSA/free PSA ratio has a relation with degree of malignancy. Therefore, serum level of PSA can help patients and physicians in early detection and treatment of prostate cancer.

Background & Objective: Marine algae contain bioactive compounds that produce a variety of metabolites. These metabolites have diverse biological activities. Fucoidan is a POLYSACCHARIDE of sulfates produced by algae, and its biological activity has been studied extensively. Fucoidan is a sulfate-rich poly-saccharide containing a variety of compounds including, galactose, zylose, glucuronic acid and fucose. Materials & Methods: Fucoidan has therapeutic properties that increase their healing properties with their degree of sulfation. Anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and adjuvant properties in many species of algae have been proven to have an effect on cell proliferation and cellular regimens and the regulation of various metabolic pathways. Results: This POLYSACCHARIDE has beneficial effects on human health and therefore is used in cosmetics, food and pharmaceutical industries. Non Toxicity is an important feature of Fucoidan, which is used as a confident structural compound that is a product of safety for consumption. Conclusion: Today, a variety of Fucoidan compositions have been made; a variety of beverage, tablets, and capsules are now available on the market. It is hoped that more complete studies and clinical trials will be carried out for better utilization of this combination in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

AbstractIntroduction: Seemingly worthless agricultural residues (wheat straw, olive pomace) and industrial (wood chips, sugarcane bagasse) constitute a large amount of waste that leads to environmental pollution and health hazards. Fungi, as consumers of organic matter wastes, establish a material recycling cycle and also eliminate the problems related to air pollution caused by the incineration of wastes.Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted with a completely randomized design with three replicates in Sistan Damfarm in 2019. Experimental treatments include substrates of wood chips, wheat straw, sugarcane bagasse, sugarcane bagasse+wheat bran (90 to 10), sugarcane bagasse+olive pomace (90 to 10), wood chips+wheat bran (90 to 10), wood chips+olive pomace (90 to 10), wheat straw+olive pomace (90 to 10), wheat straw+wheat bran (90 to 10). Spawn of H. ulmarius and A. aegerita fungi were prepared and the substrates were inoculated with spawn.Results: In the fungus H. ulmarius, the highest yield (467.54 g), dry matter (50.24 g), the highest amount of TOTAL POLYSACCHARIDE (12.29 mg/g dry matter) and the shortest time (14 days) required to complete the spawn run. The lowest time for precocity (26 days) was allocated to the combined substrates of wheat straw with wheat bran (90 to 10). In the fungus A. aegerita, the highest yield (72.81 g), dry matter (9.22 g), the highest amount of TOTAL POLYSACCHARIDE (11.33 mg/g dry matter) and the shortest time (15 days) required to complete the spawn run. The lowest time for precocity (29 days) was allocated to the combined substrates of wood chip with wheat bran (90 to 10).Discussion and Conclusion: A wheat straw substrate for H. ulmarius and wood chip substrate for A. aegerita were introduced as the best substrates.